Comportamiento de la IgE y las subclases de IgG en las infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus / Manifestation of IgE and IgG subclasses in Staphylococcus aureus infections

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus, se presentan con alta frecuencia en la comunidad. La forma superficial de esta es la foliculitis. Una extensión hacia el tejido subcutáneo da como resultado la formación de una lesión supurativa local llamada forúnculo. Aproximadamente el 20 % de los pacientes con forúnculo presentan una o más recidivas durante el año siguiente, y cierto número presenta forunculosis recidivante crónica durante meses o años. Objetivo: Conocer el comportamiento de los niveles de IgE y las subclases de IgG expresadas en pacientes y controles, para inferir el patrón de la respuesta inmune a la infección. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo donde se determinaron las subclases de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) y los niveles de inmunoglobulina E (IgE) en suero de 25 enfermos con lesiones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus, y 25 controles sanos, provenientes del banco de sangre. Se elaboró un antígeno (Bacterina de Staphylococcus aureus) y en su enfrentamiento se procedió con la metodología de normalización y validación de ensayos inmunoenzimáticos para cuantificar IgG humana. Los resultados se expresaron en densidades ópticas y gráficamente como la relación matemática (IgG1/3) para Th1 e (IgE/IgG4) para Th2, en el suero de los pacientes. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta IgG1 e IgG4 en pacientes y controles y respuesta IgE anti Staphylococcus aureus en pacientes. Conclusiones: Como Staphylococcus aureus es flora normal de la piel, los controles ya han tenido contacto con él, lo que provoca el desarrollo de respuesta Th1 (IgG1) y anticuerpos bloqueadores (IgG4). Contrariamente, los enfermos desarrollan respuesta Th2 (IgE) y la infección.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus skin infections occur with high frequency in the community. Folliculitis is its superficial form. An extension into the subcutaneous tissue results in the formation of a local suppurative lesion known as a furunculosis. Approximately 20% of patients with a furuncle have one or more recurrences over the next year, and a certain number have chronic relapsing furunculosis for months or years. Objective: to know the manifestation of IgE levels and IgG subclasses expressed in patients and controls, to infer the pattern of the immune response to infection. Methods: we conducted a prospective study where immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined in serum of 25 ill patients with Staphylococcus aureus skin lesions, and 25 healthy controls, from the blood bank. An antigen (Staphylococcus aureus bacterin) was elaborated and in its confrontation, the normalization and validation methodology of immunoenzymatic assays to quantify human IgG was carried out. The results were expressed in optical densities and graphically as the mathematical ratio (IgG1/3) for Th1 and (IgE/IgG4) for Th2, in the serum of the patients. Results: IgG1 and IgG4 responses were obtained in patients and controls, and anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgE responses in patients. Conclusions: the controls have already had contact with Staphylococcus aureus, as it is normal flora of the skin, which causes the development of Th1 response (IgG1) and antibodies blockers (IgG4). On the contrary, ill patients develop a Th2 response (IgE) and the infection.

Proteinograma e inmunoglobulinas séricas en las infecciones cutáneas por Staphylococcus aureus / Proteinogram and serum immunoglobulins in skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

RESUMEN Introducción: lesión típica ocasionada por el Staphylococcus aureus es el furúnculo o cualquier otro absceso localizado. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento del proteinograma y los niveles de inmunoglobulinas séricas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo con 70 pacientes portadores de forúnculos infectados por Staphylococcus aureus, que acudieron a las consultas de Inmunología en varias localidades de Villa Clara. Resultados: se determinaron las fracciones proteicas por método de elusión; se cuantificaron las inmunoglobulinas séricas por inmunodifusión radial simple, según edad, sexo y color de la piel de los pacientes. Se contrastaron las variables bajo la prueba de Ji cuadrado, con una significación de confianza del 95 %. Predominaron los pacientes con el color de la piel blanca sobre los no blancos. En la electroforesis de proteínas se obtuvieron resultados normales para las proteínas totales y la fracción gamma. Para la albúmina, fracción alfa 1, alfa 2 y beta globulina se obtuvieron valores bajos, por encima del 95 % válido. Conclusiones: todas las inmunoglobulinas resultaron normales o altas, según los intervalos de referencia para cada grupo de edad. Al correlacionar los valores de las inmunoglobulinas con las fracciones de la electroforesis, fue llamativo el resultado obtenido en la correlación entre la IgA y la fracción beta. De manera general, los anticuerpos no mostraron variaciones significativas en sus correlaciones, lo cual evidenció un pobre papel en la infección. Se concluyó que los valores de alfa 1, alfa 2 y beta globulina pueden tener importancia en la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the typical lesion caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the furuncle or any other localized abscess. Objective: to describe the manifestation of the proteinogram and serum immunoglobulin levels. Methods: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out in 70 patients with furuncles infected by Staphylococcus aureus, who came to the Immunology consultations from various locations of Villa Clara. Results: protein fractions were determined by elution method; serum immunoglobulins were quantified according to age, gender and skin color of the patients by simple radial immunodiffusion. Variables were contrasted under the Chi-square test, with 95% confidence significance. White patients predominated over non-white ones. Normal results were obtained for total proteins and gamma fraction in protein electrophoresis. Low values were obtained for albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin fraction, above 95% valid. Conclusions: all immunoglobulins were normal or high, according to the reference intervals for each age group. The result obtained in the correlation between IgA and the beta fraction was striking when correlating the immunoglobulin values with the electrophoresis fractions. In general, the antibodies did not show significant variations in their correlations, which evidenced a poor role in infection. We concluded that alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulin values may be important in the disease.

Severe bacterial skin infections

Abstract The severe bacterial diseases discussed herein are those that present dermatological lesions as their initial manifestations, for which the dermatologist is often called upon to give an opinion or is even the first to examine the patient. This review focuses on those that evolve with skin necrosis during their natural history, that is, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, and ecthyma gangrenosum. Notice that the more descriptive terminology was adopted; each disease was individualized, rather than being referred by the generic term "necrotizing soft tissue infections". Due to their relevance and increasing frequency, infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were also included, more specifically abscesses, furuncle, and carbuncle, and their potential etiologies by MRSA. This article focuses on the epidemiology, clinical dermatological manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of each of the diseases mentioned.

A red and swollen nose

@#TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Pediculosis capitis grave en una niña inscrita en una guardería / Severe pediculosis capitis in a nursery school girl

La pediculosis capitis es la ectoparasitosis más frecuente a nivel mundial. La infestación es causada por Pediculus humanus capitis (piojo de la cabeza) y afecta el cabello, el cuero cabelludo y la piel. Rara vez se manifiesta con otro tipo de sintomatología y, por lo general, su curso es benigno si se trata adecuadamente. Se presenta el caso de una menor con pediculosis capitis de 18 meses de evolución, asociada con forúnculos, lesiones cutáneas, múltiples adenopatías y anemia, que no mejoró tras la aplicación del champú. Inicialmente, llamó la atención la presencia de forúnculos, alopecia y adenopatías. La persistencia de la pediculosis capitis y el rascado intenso alteraron la integridad de la epidermis y facilitaron las infecciones secundarias por bacterias patógenas y oportunistas que produjeron impétigo, forunculosis, excoriaciones, costras hemáticas, anemia, alopecia y linfadenopatías. La pediculosis capitis afectó notoriamente a la paciente al causarle problemas psicológicos y de salud, agudizados por su condición económica y social. La paciente presentó manifestaciones clínicas poco frecuentes (forunculosis, anemia, fiebre, alopecia y adenopatías), lo cual se vio facilitado por la persistencia de los factores de riesgo y el hecho de que no se le inspeccionaba la cabeza ni se removían los insectos. La educación sobre los factores de riesgo y el control sanitario es indispensable para controlar la infestación.

Pediculosis capitis is the most frequent ectoparasitosis around the world. The infestation is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), which affects hair, scalp, and skin. It rarely presents with more symptoms and in the majority of the cases, it shows a benign course if treated properly. We present the case of a nursery school girl with head lice infestation for 18 months. She did not improve after the shampoo treatment. This case was associated with furunculosis, skin lesions, multiple adenopathies, and anemia. Initially, the presence of boils, alopecia, and lymphadenopathy was evident. The persistence of pediculosis capitis and intense scratching induced changes on skin integrity, facilitating opportunistic bacterial superinfection that led to impetiginization, furunculosis, excoriations, hematic scabs, anemia, alopecia, and lymphadenopathies. Pediculosis capitis affected the patient triggering psychological, economic, social, and other health problems. The patient presented uncommon symptoms (furunculosis, anemia, fever, alopecia, and adenopathies) resulting from the persistence of risk factors and the absence of head inspection and mechanical removal of insects. The education about the risk factors, as well as sanitary controls, are essential to contain the infestation.

Recurrent Familial Furunculosis Associated with Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST1

Staphylococcus aureus is now a major community-acquired pathogen worldwide, notably associated with skin and soft tissue infections. Staphylococci are present in the form of colonizers or environmental contaminants at home and increase the risk of recurrent infection. We are describing recurrent familial furunculosis caused by Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-positive methicillin susceptible S. aureus ST1 in Korea. An infant, his father and mother had furunculosis due to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infection with identical susceptibility patterns. ST1 accounted for all 3 isolates and they were confirmed of having agr group I. Both sec and seh were detected in all isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and all isolates contained Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes. Risk factors for the household spread of S. aureus include skin conditions and close physical contact among household members. The relationship between S. aureus colonization of household contacts and the occurrence of S. aureus infection should be studied into more detail.

Observation of the effect of Urgotul parcel technology used for treatment of surface abscess incision and drainage of the wound / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the clinical application value and nursing experience of Urgotul parcel technology used for the treatment of surface abscess incision and drainage of the wound. Methods A total of 150 patients with surface abscess incision and drainage of the wound who received treatment in our hospital wound care room divided into A group, B group and C group (each group had 50 cases). Considering the characteristics of outpatients and the requirements of ethics, A group of patients from January to May of 2017 received the technology of Urgotul parcel alginate dressing with silver, B group of patients from June to December of 2016 received the treatment by the Mesalt and C group of patients from November 2015 to May 2016 used petrolatum gauze. After the infection control, each group received the treatment by Urgotul. Observe the difference with wound healing time, infection control time, the pain score of removing the dressings and filling of dressings, the number and the cost of wound care of patients. Results In A group, the scores of infection control time, wound healing time, the pain score of removing the dressings and filling of dressings, the number and the cost of wound care were (5.1±1.4) days, (22.9± 6.5) days, (1.3 ± 0.9) points, (1.9 ± 1.2) points, (6.6 ± 1.9) times, (603.81 ± 116.82) yuan, B group were (6.7 ±1.4) days, (24.7±7.2) days, (1.8±1.0) points, (4.1±1.4) points, (11.5±3.3) times, (736.94±203.81) yuan, and C group were (11.1 ± 2.1) days, (31.7 ± 3.8) days, (4.62 ± 1.3) points, (2.4 ± 1.1) points, (31.7 ± 3.7) times, (1617.20 ± 303.98) yuan. The difference between the three groups was statistically significant (F=30.48-931.29, all P<0.01). In infection control time, the pain score of removing the dressings, the number and the cost of wound care A group was better than B group and C group (P<0.05). The wound healing time of A group was shorter than C group (P<0.01), but was the same as B group (P>0.05). Filling of dressings the patients in A group and C group felt less pain than B group (P<0.01), and the pain scores in both A group and C group are same (P>0.05). Conclusions Urgotul parcel technology is able to control infection effectively, promote wound healing, Alleviate the pain of changing medicine, reduce the times and costs of wound care, improve patient compliance for patients with surface abscess incision and drainage of the wound. So Urgotul parcel technology has a significant role in these patients.

Absceso renal estafilocócico trasforunculosis cutánea / Staphylococcus renal abscess after cutaneous furunculosis

Los abscesos renales son patologías infrecuentes, pero de alta morbi-mortalidad si no son diagnosticados temprano y tratados precozmente. Su vaga e inespecífica sintomatología: dolor abdominal o lumbar, fiebre o mal estado general hacen que su diagnostico sea a veces tardío. La ecografía y/o la TAC dan el diagnóstico en el 100 por ciento de los casos lo que hace posible su tratamiento temprano. El objetivo de este artículo es poner de relieve que el absceso renal es una causa de urgencia urológica a tener presente en pacientes fundamentalmente del sexo femenino, con síntomas de dolor abdominal o fiebre sin clara focalidad urológica.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 16 años con antecedente reciente de forunculosis cutánea supurada en rodilla derecha, que acudió a urgencias por dolor en flanco derecho y fosa iliaca derecha de 10 días de evolución sin fiebre ni síntomas miccionales. Se nos consultó para su valoración, siendo la ecografía el método diagnóstico que se utilizó para la localización de un absceso renal derecho subcapsular de 44 mm en polo superior, y posteriormente para su drenaje percutáneo al no responder porcompleto al tratamiento antibiótico i.v. El cultivo del material purulento del drenaje percutáneo aisló un Staphyloccocus aureus no meticilin resistente. El tratamiento antibiótico i.v asociado a drenaje percutáneo seguido de cloxacilina oral a su alta, curó a la paciente. A raíz de este caso se revisan las series y revisiones sobre abscesos renales de los últimos 10 años, con un total de 179 pacientes, y las publicaciones sobre abscesos renales por Staphyloccocus aureus con tan sólo 13 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Los abscesos renales han de tenerse en cuenta entre las urgencias urológicas. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento percutáneo es mayormente radiológico, reservándose la cirugía abierta o la nefrectomía para abscesos > de 5 cm o pacientes sépticos...

Renal abscesses are infrequent pathologies, but with a high morbidity-mortality if they are not diagnosed and treated early. Its vague and unspecific symptomatology: abdominal or lumbar pain, fever or poor general state, make its diagnosis late sometimes. The ultrasound and/or TAC provide a 100 percent diagnosis of the cases where its early treatment is possible. The objective of this article is to give importance to the fact that renal abscess is a cause of an urological emergency to keep in mind in patients, particularly females with symptoms of abdominal pain or fever without a clear urological focus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case of a 16-year-old adolescent is presented with a recent history of festered cutaneous furunculosis on the right knee. She went to the emergency room due to pain on the right side and right illiac fosa with 10 days evolution without fever or urinary symptoms. She came to us for its evaluation, an ultrasound was used for diagnosis to locate a right subcapsular renal abscess of 44 mm on the superior pole, and later for its percutaneous drainage when it did not completely responded to I.V. antibiotic treatment. The culture of the purulent material of the percutaneous drainage isolated a resistant non-methicillin Staphyloccocus aureus. The I.V. antibiotic treatment associated to percutaneous drainage followed by oral cloxacillin upon release cured the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Renal abscesses have to be taken into account among the urological emergencies. Their diagnosis and percutaneous treatment is mainly radiological, leaving open surgery or nephrectomy for abscesses > 5cm or with septic patients...

Abordaje terapéutico en las forunculosis recidivantes. Consulta de inmunología. Pinar del Río / Therapeutic approach in relapsing furunculosis. Immunology clinic, Pinar del Rio

Se realizó un estudio en dos etapas: una primera de casos y controles, analítica y transversal, y una segunda de etapa de intervención longitudinal, prospectiva en los pacientes con forunculosis recidivante. El universo lo constituyeron los pacientes menores de 20 años que asistieron a la consulta de inmunología en el periodo 2006-2010. La muestra fue de 89 pacientes con forunculosis que accedieron a participar en el estudio, y un grupo control de 182 pacientes con síntomas respiratorios ligeros. Se precisó la edad, género, color de la piel y los valores de inmunoglobulinas. Se realizó un exudado nasofaríngeo a convivientes. Se impuso el tratamiento en tres grupos: uno solamente con antibióticos específico para la forunculosis, un segundo grupo recibió tratamiento de convivientes y un tercero del abordaje del segundo grupo, recibió el uso de inmunomoduladores. Los resultados mostraron una asociación de la forunculosis a los niños de mayor edad y de color de piel blanca, además de mostrar una asociación estadística muy significativa entre la presencia de al menos un conviviente con exudado positivo a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) y la posibilidad de desarrollar la forunculosis recidivante. Se hace necesario el uso de antibióticos específicos combinados, el abordaje terapéutico de los convivientes y el uso de inmunomoduladores para lograr el éxito en el tratamiento.

A two- stages study was conducted: the first included the cases and controls, analytical and cross-sectional; and the second stage with a longitudinal and prospective intervention in patients suffering from relapsing furunculosis. The target group was comprised of patients under 20 years old attending to immunology clinic during 2006-2010; the sample, 89 patients with furunculosis who agreed to participate in the study, and a control group of 182 patients with mild respiratory symptoms. Age, gender, skin colour, immunoglobulin levels and nasopharyngeal smear in those presenting coexistence were the variables analyzed. A treatment in three groups was followed: one (1) only with specific antibiotic therapy for furunculosis, besides a second group followed the treatment of those with coexistence, and a third one, with the approach of the second group receiving immunomodulators. Results showed furunculosis in association with children of older ages and white skin, besides a very significant statistical association with at least, one of them, showing coexistence with a positive smear of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the possibility to develop relapsing furunculosis. Combined-specific antibiotics are required, as well as the use of the therapeutic approach of those presenting coexistence and immunomodulators to achieve a successful treatment.

CA-MRSA em furunculose: relato de caso do sul do Brasil / CA MRSA in furunculosis: case report of Southern Brazil

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA), outrora isolado especificamente em ambientes hospitalares, vem sendo identificado como causador de infecções cutâneas em pacientes da comunidade. Neste artigo, é relatado um caso do sul do Brasil com furunculose por CA-MRSA. O microrganismo isolado foi submetido a exames de PCR para o gene mecA e para o gene que codifica a leucocidina de Panton-Valentine. Esses exames permitiram a identificação genotípica do CA-MRSA.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly isolated at hospital setting, has been identified in cutaneous infections of community patients. This paper reports a case of furunculosis from the southern Brazil. Dermatologists must be attentive to this emergent etiological diagnosis. The isolated microorganism was subjected to PCR for gene mecA and to PCR for the gene that encodes the leukocidin of Panton-Valentine. These exams enabled genotypic identification of CA-MRSA.

A Case of Tinea Incognito Presented like Furunculosis / 대한의진균학회지

Tinea incognito is a dermatophytosis of atypical clinical character due to the absence of classic features of ringworm. It is caused by prolonged use of topical or systemic corticosteroids, sometimes prescribed as a result of incorrect diagnosis. We report a case of tinea incognito presented like furunculosis on the chin. The patient had been treated with topical and oral corticosteroid under the impression of atopic dermatitis for 3 years for the eczematous lesion on the face and trunk. Mycologic studies including KOH mount and fungus culture were positive for hyphae and colonies of Trichophyton rubrum. Skin biopsy showed fungal hyphae in follicular keratinous plug and diffuse dermal and perifollicular inflammation. The lesion was treated with terbinafine systemically and cured 3 months later.

Tratamiento homeopático en la forunculosis crónica recidivante / Homeopathic treatment in recurrent chronic furunculosis

Se realizó un estudio clínico controlado tipo evaluación de tecnología, para evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento homeopático en pacientes afectados de forunculosis recurrente diagnosticados en el Instituto Superior de Medicina Militar "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Se seleccionaron 100 pacientes. Cada paciente constituyó su propio control, se tomó como referencia las manifestaciones clínicas y la respuesta al tratamiento. Los medicamentos homeopáticos fueron seleccionados según los criterios de similitud local, además del bioterápico en correspondencia con el microorganismo encontrado. Se logró una curación del 97,0 % de los tratados con la combinación medicamento homeopático y bioterápico, y se redujo la aparición de recidivas. Los medicamentos más utilizados fueron Hepar Sulphur, Silicea y el bioterápico Staphylococcinum.

patients suffering from recurrent furunculosis diagnosed at "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto" Military Central Hospital. 100 patients were selected. Every patient was his own control. The clinical manifestations and the response to treatment were taken as a reference. The homeopathic drugs were selected according to the local similitude criteria, in addition to the biotherapy drug in correspondence with the microorganism found. 97.0 of the treated with the combination of homeopathic and biotherapy drugs were cured, and the appearance of relapses decreased. The most used drugs were Hepar Sulphur, Sisea and Staphylococcinum biotherapy drug.